2024 국회직 8급 영어 문제 해설 - 2024.4.20.

 

영어정답(2024-05-07 / 298.1KB / 832회)

 

2024 국회직 8급 영어 해설 장필립 (2024-05-22 / 495.3KB / 231회)

 

 2024년도 8급 공개경쟁채용시험 영 어 책형 가 - 1 - 영 어 1. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word. Few people would think that the humble drinks can was anything special. But to a materials engineer, it is high technology. Look at the requirements. As far as possible we want to avoid seams. The can must not leak, should use as little metal as possible, and be recyclable. We have to choose a metal that is ductile to the point that it can be drawn into a single-piece can body from one small slug of metal. It must not corrode in beer or coke and, of course, it must be nontoxic. And it must be light and must cost almost nothing. ① brittle ② plausible ③ pliable ④ seductive ⑤ rigid 2. Which of the following best fits in the blank? If you do not know a language, the words (and sentences) of that language will be mainly incomprehensible, because the relationship between speech sounds and the meanings they represent is generally . When you are acquiring a language, you have to learn that the sounds represented by the letter house signify the concept “house”; if you know French, this same meaning is represented by maison; if you know Russian, by dom; if you know Spanish, by casa. The same sequence of sounds can represent different meanings in different languages. For example, the word bolna means “speak” in Hindi-Urdu and “aching” in Russian. ① iconic ② arbitrary ③ logical ④ systematic ⑤ predictable 3. Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct? Gender-variable differentiation is ①reflected in the relative frequency ②with which men and women use the same lexical items or ③other linguistic features. If, as is often asserted, female English speakers use words such as lovely and nice more often than ④are male speakers, we can claim that in this respect English speakers ⑤clearly exhibit gender-variable differentiation. 4. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? Life in the big city has always had its drawbacks. Compared to small towns and rural communities, huge metropolitan areas like Los Angeles and New York are typically plagued by higher crime rates, more pollution, and high costs of living. But another major problem ― traffic-choked highways ― is quickly rising to the top of the list for many major cities. With drivers in some large cities now spending the equivalent of more than two workweeks per year stuck in traffic, gridlock is starting to stunt economic growth as businesses and young professionals choose not to move to metropolitan areas with chronically congested roads. To combat this problem, many political and business leaders are advocating the widening of existing highways into “superhighways” of nine or more lanes in each direction. Phoenix, Arizona, for example, plans to expand a 12-mile stretch of interstate 10 from 14 lanes to an average of 22 lanes. Atlanta, George, may widen a stretch of interstate 75 to 23 lanes. Both Houston, Texas, and Washington D.C., also hope to bring segments of their highways up to 18 lanes or more. Building bigger roads, they hope, will end bottlenecks, allowing the ever-growing number of vehicles to move freely and keeping the area economically competitive. ① Enormous metropolitan areas often suffer from more crime rates, greater pollution levels, and high costs of living. ② Traffic congestion is becoming a major issue in big cities. ③ The economic growth is being promoted by gridlock as businesses and young professionals opt against relocating to urban areas with persistently trafficated roads. ④ Numerous political and business leaders are promoting the expansion of current highways into “superhighways” with nine or more lanes in each direction. ⑤ Constructing larger roads is expected to help reduce traffic congestion. 2024년도 8급 공개경쟁채용시험 영 어 책형 가 - 2 - 5. Which of the following best fits in the blank? People in all countries and in all walks of life have gossiped for centuries. Psychologists have studied both the positive and negative impacts of this form of human communication. According to some researchers, gossip reinforces moral boundaries in a community. Gossip can also foster a sense of belonging to a certain group. However, gossip has many negative effects as well. Gossip can be used as a tool to isolate and ostracize people. When singled out and embarrassed by harmful rumors, individuals become depressed and lonely. Despite gossip’s negative effect, it remains to be ubiquitous. Gossip exists in the workplace, in school, and in social groups. Seemingly, gossip will never go away. You must . You must refuse to participate in such damaging communication. Try to re-direct the conversation in a way that focuses on something positive. ① do your best to rise above it ② take a more proactive role in disseminating it ③ identify the sources and motives of the rumors ④ utterly disregard its presence ⑤ create rumors to offset the negative ones 6. Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct? AI may ①enable achieving educational priorities in better ways, at scale, and with lower costs. Addressing varied unfinished learning of students due to the pandemic is a policy priority, and AI may improve the adaptivity ②of learning resources to students’ strengths and needs. Improving teaching jobs is a priority, and via ③automated assistants or other tools, AI may provide teachers greater support. AI may also enable teachers to extend the support they ④offer individual students when they run out of time. Developing resources that are responsive to the knowledge and experiences students bring to their learning is a priority, and AI may enable greater customizability of curricular resources to meet local needs. ⑤As seen in voice assistants, mapping tools, shopping recommendations, essay-writing capabilities, and other familiar applications, AI may enhance educational services. 7. Which of the following is the most appropriate title of the passage? Artists themselves have no role in the interpretation of art, while scientists are the only consumers with sufficient observational skill to provide science’s organized skepticism. The interpretation of art can be manifold and the artist’s intention can be to provoke a multitude of interpretations ― sometimes, the more interpretations the better. The scientist, on the other hand, must aspire to convey only one possible interpretation ― the correct interpretation. What follows from this is that clarity is an imperative in science in a way that it is not in other cultural endeavors. Where multiple interpretations are encouraged, obscurity can be a virtue but where the aspiration is to produce only one interpretation, clarity is to be preferred. Obscurity is also privacy, and privacy is an obstacle to organized skepticism. It follows, from the fact that observation and skepticism are virtues in the pursuit of knowledge about the natural world, that clarity is also a virtue. There is an irony here, since science should seek maximum clarity and accessibility even while acknowledging that the only proper assessors of a scientific claim are small elites, while artists often seek obscurity or multiple interpretations even while accepting that the proper assessors are the public. ① How Scientists Analyze Art with Clear Perspectives ② Scientific Analysis of Artistic Ambiguity ③ How Scientists Create Artistic Interpretations ④ Importance of Precision in Art and Science ⑤ How Art and Science Interpret Clarity and Obscurity 8. Which of the following best fits in the blank? The US has one of the highest prisoner rates in the world: over 70% of incarcerated people who are released from prison in the US will be rearrested within five years of their release date. That is not an accident. Our system of mass incarceration sets people up to fail as they leave the prison system and try to reintegrate into society. ① racism ② recidivism ③ reincarnation ④ jailbreak ⑤ release 2024년도 8급 공개경쟁채용시험 영 어 책형 가 - 3 - 9. Which of the following is the most logical sequence to complete the passage? All of the gasoline now pumped into automobile and airplane tanks began as crude oil formed millions of years ago beneath ocean floors. (A) This crude oil, lighter than both water and rock, drifted upward through microscopic spaces in the rock until it was stopped by a layer of dense, impermeable rock and forced to collect. Today, oil companies drill down into these reservoirs to extract this energy-rich petroleum: sent it to oil refineries, and convert it into fuel for vehicles. (B) In ancient seas, when tiny aquatic plants and animals died, they sank to the bottom. Sand and mud settled over them. This process was repeated over and over again, each time burying large quantities of organic material and pushing it deeper and deeper into the earth as new layers accumulated on top. (C) The heavy weight of the sediment created pressure and temperatures above 150˚ Fahrenheit, and the subterranean organic matter began to “cook.” Over time, the heat transformed it into a liquid hydrogen and carbon substance. ① (A) - (B) - (C) ② (B) - (A) - (C) ③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B) ⑤ (C) - (B) - (A) 10. Which of the following best fits in the blank? Suppose that we have an issue where the majority favors one policy, but the minority, which favors a different policy, cares much more strongly about it than the majority. Cases of this kind occur quite often. The fox-hunting debate may be a good example. Most people hold fairly negative views about fox-hunting, even if they do not hold strong moral views about the rights of animals. They see it as an archaic, snobbish, and generally distasteful spectacle; given the chance, they would vote to ban it. The fox-hunters themselves are a small minority, but they mostly feel very strongly that they should be allowed to continue hunting. It is an important social event in many rural communities, and people’s livelihoods depend on it. A political judgement about fox-hunting ought to consider not only the number of preferences on either side, but also the strength of those preferences. It does not seem right that a lukewarm majority should in all cases a passionate minority. ① deceive ② respect ③ follow ④ protect ⑤ override 11. Which of the following is NOT used appropriately in the context? Equality is recognizing that, as human beings, we all have the same value. This means we all have the same rights, we should all receive the same level of respect, and we have the same access to opportunities. Equity, however, is about everyone achieving equal ①outcomes. We all have the same value and deserve a good life, but we all start from a ②different place. We experience the world in our own unique way. It is because of these differences that we sometimes need to be treated ③differently for us all to live equally. Equality, for example, would be giving everyone the ④different type of ladder to pick mangoes at the top of a tree. ⑤Equity would be realizing that not everyone can use the same type of ladder and providing another way for them to reach the mangoes at the top of the tree. 2024년도 8급 공개경쟁채용시험 영 어 책형 가 - 4 - 12. Which of the following best fits in the blank? Serious problems arise for utilitarianism when we remind ourselves that it enjoins us to bring about the best consequences. What does this mean? It doesn’t mean the best consequences for me alone, or for my family or friends, or any other person taken individually. No, what we must do is, roughly, as follows: we must add up the separate satisfactions and frustrations of everyone likely to be affected by our choice, the satisfactions in one column, the frustrations in the other. We must total each column for each of the options before us. That is what it means to say the theory is . And then we must choose that option which is most likely to bring about the best balance of totaled satisfactions over totaled frustrations. Whatever act would lead to this outcome is the one we ought morally to perform ― it is where our moral duty lies. And that act quite clearly might not be the same one that would bring about the best results for me personally, or for my family or friends, or for a lab animal. ① aggregative ② optimistic ③ ideal ④ individual specific ⑤ realistic 13. Which of the following is the most appropriate title of the passage? More recently, some political philosophers have claimed that when we take part in elections, we agree to comply with the government that emerges and the laws it enacts. This looks more promising: we do at least have a free choice as to whether to vote or not, and there would be no point in holding elections unless people recognized the government that emerged as legitimate. But unfortunately there still seems to be a gap between voting and registering your consent. What if you deeply disagree with both parties, but vote because you think that one is slightly less bad than the other? Or what if you think that although you have in a sense consented to the overall package of policies that the winning party has announced in its manifesto, there are a few items that you find quite repugnant ― and you had no chance to vote on these individually? Perhaps the voters’ consent can help explain why governments have legitimate authority, but not why individual citizens have an obligation to obey the law. ① The Reason Why Elections Work ② Discordance between Voting and Voter Consent ③ Inaccuracies in Policies the Government Makes ④ The Perfect Alignment of Consent and Obligation ⑤ The Nexus of Policies and Government Legitimacy 14. Which of the following best fits in the blank? Because adult stem cells can be obtained directly from the body of a willing donor, research with these cells has raised few ethical questions to date. This is not the case with embryonic stem cells, which are generally obtained from very early embryos. Most techniques for harvesting embryonic stem cells cause the destruction of an embryo. For this reason, individuals who regard the embryo as entitled to the rights and protections of any human being object to such work. This concern has made government funding of embryonic stem cell research an important political issue. Groups seeking to protect embryos oppose such research as unethical. Other groups support such research as essential for saving human lives and argue that it would be unethical to restrict research. It is possible, however, that in the not-too-distant future, both ethical concerns will be . Some recent experiments have suggested that there may be ways to extract a small number of stem cells from an early embryo without damaging the embryo itself. Other experiments have shown that it is possible to switch “on” a small number of genes that reprogram adult cells to look and function like pluripotent embryonic stem cells. Such a technique would do away with the need to involve embryos at all. It also might make it possible to tailor specific therapies to the needs of each individual patient. Approaches like these, if successful, might allow potentially lifesaving research to go forward while avoiding any destruction of embryonic life. ① repeated due to technology advancement ② solved with the advent of new stem cell regulations ③ clarified with more experiments ④ made more serious by new research skills ⑤ addressed with a technological solution 2024년도 8급 공개경쟁채용시험 영 어 책형 가 - 5 - 15. Which of the following is NOT used appropriately in the context? We have developed our techniques for probabilistic reasoning in the context of static worlds, in which each random ①variable has a single fixed value. For example, when repairing a car, we assume that whatever is broken remains broken during the process of diagnosis; our job is to infer the state of the car from observed evidence, which also remains ②fixed. Now consider a slightly different problem: treating a diabetic patient. As in the case of car repair, we have evidence such as recent insulin doses, food intake, blood sugar measurements, and other ③physical signs. The task is to assess the current state of the patient, including the actual blood sugar level and insulin level. Given this information, we can make a decision about the patient’s food intake and insulin dose. Unlike the case of car repair, here the ④static aspects of the problem are essential. Blood sugar levels and measurements thereof can ⑤change rapidly over time, depending on recent food intake and insulin doses, metabolic activity, the time of day, and so on. To assess the current state from the history of evidence and to predict the outcomes of treatment actions, we must model these changes. 16. Which of the following best fits in the blank? The way people think about problems varies greatly. Everyone is unique, but psychologists believe there are 5 different kinds of problem-solvers in the world: questioners, ideators, diggers, doers, and reasoners. As for reasoners, they are the people who like to keep things simple. When they deal with a complex problem, they prefer to focus on the most important elements. They don’t want to worry about small details, which means they solve problems more quickly than other people. Also, for reasoners, the “best” solution is the solution that they came up with. Unfortunately, they also have a hard time listening to other people’s ideas. As a result, people sometimes assume that they can be seen as . ① solicitous ② conceited ③ accommodative ④ sluggish ⑤ sanguine 17. Which of the following best fits in the blanks (A), (B), and (C)? Many of features which characterize the turn-taking system of conversation are invested with meaning by their users. Even within a broadly defined community of speakers, there is often sufficient (A) to cause misunderstanding. For example, some individuals expect that participation in a conversation will be very active, that speaking rate will be relatively fast, with almost no pausing between turns, and with some overlap or even completion of the other’s turn. This is one conversational style. It has been called a high involvement style. It differs (B) from another style in which speakers use a slower rate, expect longer pauses between turns, do not overlap, and avoid interruption or completion of the other’s turn. This non-interrupting, non-imposing style has been called a high considerateness style. When a speaker who typically uses the first style gets into a conversation with a speaker who normally uses the second style, the talk tends to become one-sided. The active participation style will tend to overwhelm the other style. Neither speaker will necessarily recognize that it is the conversational styles that are slightly different. Instead, the more rapid-fire speaker may think the slower-paced speaker just does not have much to say, is shy, and perhaps boring or even stupid. In return he or she is likely to be viewed as noisy, pushy, domineering, selfish, and even tiresome. Features of conversational style will often be interpreted as (C) . (A) (B) (C) ① inconsistency minimally individual characteristics ② difficulty fundamentally emotional attributes ③ confusion superficially cultural properties ④ resemblance basically personal experiences ⑤ variation substantially personality traits 18. Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct? The sun consists of a plasma ― a material that is not a gas, a liquid, or a solid. Instead, a plasma is made up of charged particles, ①which make them a powerful conductor of electricity. In addition to these strong electronic fields, the sun ②is also packed with magnetic fields. Magnetic field lines wrap around the sun ③like an enormous birdcage. The sun’s magnetism powers a “solar wind” ④that flings one million tons of plasma outward every second ― plasma that travels at one million miles per hour. Sometimes this event can create powerful plasma explosions called solar flares, which release ⑤the energy equivalent of hundreds of millions of megatons of dynamite. When this energy heads toward Earth, we feel the effects of a solar storm. 2024년도 8급 공개경쟁채용시험 영 어 책형 가 - 6 - 19. Which of the following is the most logical sequence to complete the passage? At a young age, we begin to make decisions about how we look, who we hang out with, and how we spend our time. In making these choices, we may either be trying to fit in or to belong. (A) Fitting in involves changing ourselves to match situations, such as wearing the right clothes, playing the most popular sport, or hanging out with the “best” social groups; however, it may cause feelings of anxiety or loneliness. (B) In addition, young people who feel pressured to fit in in ways that aren’t healthy to their overall identities may end up participating in unhealthy relationships or going along with the crowd. (C) Belonging is something else. It is letting ourselves be seen and known as we really are ― being our true or authentic selves. It is wearing clothing that makes us feel good or that allows us to show our uniqueness to people we can be our authentic selves with. (D) It is easier in the sense that it doesn’t require going against the norm. However, it is shame-based and implies to young people that they are not good enough. As we strive to conform to the expectations of others, we lose the sense of belonging to our real selves. But it doesn’t come easy. Being different can make us feel vulnerable ― exposed to emotional uncertainty and risk. But it is this same vulnerability that becomes the foundation on which courage is built. ① (A) - (B) - (C) - (D) ② (A) - (D) - (B) - (C) ③ (B) - (A) - (D) - (C) ④ (C) - (A) - (D) - (B) ⑤ (C) - (D) - (B) - (A) 20. Which of the following is the most appropriate title of the passage? People usually associate innovation with technology and products when, in fact, there are many significant process and service innovations that we experience every day. This mistaken belief takes its roots in the fact that the production processes are invisible to the end-users; similarly, services are intangible. As a result, less attention is drawn to them. Identifying how something can be produced more efficiently, in greater quantities or at a lesser cost, certainly involves considerable ingenuity and will undoubtably create genuine value. Also, since our economies are increasingly service-oriented, there are many opportunities to create value by imagining better ways of providing them. Thus, processes and services are important to keep in mind when looking for ways to innovate. In addition, with the advent of Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) and subscription-based computing models, functionalities that were previously provided as products are now moving into the realm of services. ① Ignoring Process and Service Innovations ② Focusing Solely on Technological Innovation ③ Beyond Products: Embracing Process and Service Innovations ④ Omitting Process and Service Innovation Significance ⑤ Innovation Limited to Technology and Product 21. Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct? No matter ①what it looks like on television crime shows, posting bail after an arrest is no simple matter. When a suspect is arrested, he or she is first taken to a police station to be processed. The police officer in charge then records the suspect’s personal information (name, address, birthday, appearance) along with information about the ②alleged crime. Next, the officer conducts a criminal background check, takes the suspect’s fingerprints and mug shots, confiscates any personal property (to be returned later), and ③places the suspect in a jail cell. For less serious crimes, suspects may be allowed to post bail immediately after ④booking. For more serious crimes, suspects have to wait sometimes as long as two days, for a bail hearing, at which point a judge will determine if the accused is eligible for bail and at what cost. The amount of bail ⑤depends on the severity of the crime. 2024년도 8급 공개경쟁채용시험 영 어 책형 가 - 7 - 22. Which of the following is the most appropriate main idea? Bruce Friedman, who blogs regularly about the use of computers in medicine, also has described how the Internet has altered his mental habits, “I now have almost totally lost the ability to read and absorb a longish article on the web or in print,” he wrote earlier this year. A pathologist who has long been on the faculty of the University of Michigan Medical School, Friedman elaborated on his comment in a telephone conversation with me. His thinking, he said, has taken on a “staccato” quality, reflecting the way he quickly scans short passages of text from many sources online. “I can’t read War and Peace anymore,” he admitted. “I’ve lost the ability to do that. Even a blog post of more than three or four paragraphs is too much to absorb. I skim it.” The anecdotes alone don’t prove much. And we still await the long-term neurological and psychological experiments that will provide a definitive picture of how Internet use affects cognition. But a recently published study of online research habits, conducted by scholars from University College London, suggests that we may well be in the midst of a sea change in the way we read and think. As part of the five-year research program, the scholars examined computer logs documenting the behavior of visitors to two popular research sites, one operated by the British Library and one by a U.K. educational consortium, that provide access to journal articles, e-books, and other sources of written information. They found that people using the sites exhibited “a form of skimming activity,” hopping from one source to another and rarely returning to any source they’d already visited. They typically read no more than one or two pages of an article or book before they would “bounce” out to another site. Sometimes they’d save a long article, but there’s no evidence that they ever went back and actually read it. ① There is an increasing number of people who skim and quickly jump between sources without deeply engaging with the content. ② In-depth studies on the long-term effects of internet use on cognition will provide conclusive evidence on how it impacts only our thinking processes. ③ People tend to thoroughly scan through brief excerpts of text from various online sources. ④ Although individuals might bookmark or save lengthy articles, there is no evidence to suggest that they revisit and read them later. ⑤ People are experiencing a transformative change in the way they read and think due to their online research habits, skimming and quickly jumping between sources. 23. Where does the given sentence best fit in the passage? Morphology of plants also may be influenced by UV. The most destructive effect of UV radiation on plants involves damage to DNA that results in mutations. Physiological effects also can occur, such as reductions in biomass production and non-stomatal aspects of photosynthesis. The damage to DNA and photosynthesis caused by UV radiation can be partially repaired by plants during both the day and the night. (A) Studies have been conducted with a specific cultivar of rice that is more UV-sensitive in that it exhibits greater growth inhibition and leaf browning than another cultivar of rice when subjected to UV-B radiation. (B) The UV-sensitive cultivar was deficient in both photo-repair during the day and excision repair of DNA during the night compared with the UV-tolerant cultivar. (C) Orange trees growing at very high altitudes in the Andes Mountains near Quito in Ecuador have a more branched appearance than the same scion growing at low elevations in a Mediterranean climatic zone at Riverside, California. (D) The effect was eliminated by installing UV-absorbing screens above the orange trees, indicating the excessive branching may be due to an effect of the high UV in the Andes on the meristems of the branches. (E) Protection against high UV may occur in plants by epidermal cells or leaf hairs that contain phenolic compounds. ① (A) ② (B) ③ (C) ④ (D) ⑤ (E) 2024년도 8급 공개경쟁채용시험 영 어 책형 가 - 8 - 24. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? Over the years, countless numbers of men and women have paid large sums of money for a treatment commonly known as cell therapy. Their reason was simple: They believed lamb-cell injections could help them maintain their youth. Such people apparently don’t know that animal cells, when injected into the human body, are destroyed by the immune system. Others in a similar pursuit of youth have tried chelation therapy, which is supposed to pull heavy metals like lead and mercury from the body. Proponents claim that the treatments improve cell function, inhibit the aging process, and prevent heart disease, all by eliminating poison from the body, yet research shows no such effect. In fact, critics question the idea of there being poisons in the body to begin with, suggesting that the therapy has nothing to treat. Other seekers of the fountain of youth use Human Growth Hormone (HGH) tablets or sprays. These sprays and tablets can allegedly accomplish everything from eliminating wrinkles to improving memory and concentration. Yet such treatments have no research backing up these claims. There is, however, evidence that HGH in any form may produce side effects like an increased risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. ① Therapies designed to keep people young are generally ineffective. ② It is better to rely on cell therapy more than chelation therapy. ③ HGH tablets are appealing to seekers of youth because of their fewer side effects. ④ Therapies for staying younger should be available for everyone, not just for those rich enough to afford them. ⑤ Treatments designed to help people maintain youth invariably do more harm than good. 25. Which of the following is true according to the passage? It’s accepted wisdom that oil and water don’t mix. The water and oil molecules have distinct chemical properties that don’t interact well together. You may have seen this if you've attempted to make a salad dressing by shaking together oil and vinegar (which is mostly water), which gives a temporary suspension that quickly separates. There is a large energy cost to breaking apart and mixing the water and oil layers. The secret to blending them together is to add an extra ingredient known as a “surfactant” or emulsifier. The name surfactant is derived from “surface active.” It highlights that these molecules work at the surface or interface to bridge the interactions between oil and water. This is similar to how detergents are able to remove grease from your dishes. Many vinaigrette recipes call for emulsifiers without specifically mentioning their crucial emulsifying role. Key examples are mustard and garlic, which contain “mucilage” ― a mix of carbohydrates ― that can act as emulsifiers. So if your vinegar/oil salad dressings are separating, make sure you’re adding enough of these ingredients (which also contain wonderful flavor chemicals). Commercial salad dressings also contain naturally sourced emulsifying carbohydrates. These will often be listed on the ingredients as generic “vegetable gum” or similar, and you may need to read the label and delve a little deeper into the food additive number to find out the source. Researchers have raised questions about synthetic emulsifiers used in processed food, as studies in mice suggest they have health risks. It’s too early to say exactly what this means for humans. ① Water and oil molecules have identical chemical properties. ② Shaking is an essential method for the formation of permanent mixing of oil and vinegar. ③ Mustard and garlic contain molecules that act as a bridge between oil and water. ④ Salad dressings on the market only contain artificial food additives. ⑤ The effects of chemical additives on the human body have been verified.